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Tailoring hybrid flipped learning course design: exploring motivation, personality, and experiences of students and faculty.

Authors: Alshareef AM, Alhasani M, Qamar N, Alhazmi A
Journal: BMC medical education
mental health psychology open access

Abstract

Obesity is a chronic progressive disease with rising prevalence across all age groups [, ]. In the US, approximately 30% of adults aged ≥ 65 years have obesity [], and this proportion is increasing as the population ages [, ]. An estimated 1 in 3 adults older than 25 years is expected to have obesity by 2050, when a quarter of these adults will be over the age of 65 []. In older adults, obesity carries distinct clinical concerns. Beyond the well‐established complications, including cardiovascular disease risk, type 2 diabetes (T2D), hypertension, dyslipidemia, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) and osteoarthritis [, ], this population faces compounding risks of functional decline, disability and loss of independence that disproportionately reduce quality of life and increase healthcare utilization [, ]. Older adults often have diminished muscle mass and anabolic resistance, predisposing them to sarcopenia []. Even modest muscle loss can impair physical function and worsen frailty, concerns that may be amplified in the context of weight reduction interventions []. The co‐occurrence of obesity with age‐related multimorbidity creates a particularly high burden in this group [], underscoring the urgency of effective and thoroughly monitored therapy aiming at weight reduction. Obesity treatment in older adults requires shared decision‐making regarding the risks and benefits of weight reduction. Lifestyle intervention remains fundamental; however, its feasibility may be limited in individuals with severe obesity or functional limitations []. Bariatric surgery in this population has demonstrated meaningful weight reduction and metabolic benefits, but with lower efficacy and higher risk compared with younger patients []. Pharmacological therapy, therefore, represents a feasible, evidence‐based option for older adults, providing clinically meaningful weight reduction alongside metabolic benefits [].