Pharmacokinetics and Food Effect of HDM1002, a Novel Oral Small-Molecule GLP-1 Receptor Agonist, in Healthy Chinese Volunteers: A Bioequivalence Study.

By December 2024, the number of smartphone internet users in China had reached 1.105 billion, with adolescents accounting for 16.7% of this population []. Adolescence is a period characterized by immature psychological development and limited self-discipline. If adolescents engage in inappropriate smartphone use during this stage and become absorbed in the online world, they are at high risk of developing smartphone addiction []. Moreover, smartphone addiction has been shown to correlate significantly with negative psychological outcomes, including reduced sleep quality [, ], depression [, ] and heightened anxiety levels []. Interpersonal competence, a key ability enabling individuals to establish and maintain healthy social relationships, play a significant role in maintaining mental health [], particularly during the critical period of adolescent socio-emotional development [–]. The Compensatory Internet Use Theory explains a certain behavior. Negative life situations can trigger motivation that leads individuals to browse the internet []. Interpersonal competence deficits, as a form of negative social situation, may lead adolescents to rely on smartphones for online social interaction due to the immediacy and anonymity, ultimately resulting in smartphone addiction [, ]. Previous studies have confirmed that the interpersonal competence of adolescents is related to their levels of smartphone addiction []. Specifically, individuals with weaker interpersonal competence tend to depend more heavily on virtual social interactions, thereby increasing the risk of addiction [–]. According to the Stress Buffering Hypothesis, supportive resources can buffer stress-related health outcomes. They operate by changing how individuals interpret stressors and by supplying supplementary coping strategies []. Sports participation is an important positive behavioral resource and an external support for stress responses []. The social connections and sense of group belonging that adolescents gain through sports can help alleviate interpersonal stress [], and to some extent, reduce the perceived threat of interpersonal predicaments caused by insufficient interpersonal competence [], thereby preventing smartphone addiction that results from a lack of real-world social interaction []. A regular exercise habit may lead adolescents to view sports as an alternative to smartphones for venting interpersonal conflicts []. Furthermore, the real-world social networks formed through sports reduce the need for dependence on virtual social interaction [], exerting a positive moderating effect on digital media use behaviors, and consequently lowering the potential risk of smartphone dependence [].