Examining the effect of newborn feeding method on postnatal length of stay and healthcare utilisation among Neonates With In-utero SSRI Exposure (NeoWISE): a retrospective cohort study.

Low-grade chronic inflammation is a condition closely associated with excess body fat and is characterized by alterations in circulating immune cells and an increased release of pro-inflammatory mediators [–]. This state predisposes individuals with excess adiposity to a higher risk of developing obesity-related comorbidities, such as insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease [, ]. It is well established that diet can modulate the inflammatory response []. In recent years, interest in the role of different dietary patterns in regulating inflammation has grown considerably. Among these patterns, the Mediterranean diet is one of the most extensively studied due to its protective effects on health, including reduced risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and all-cause mortality []. This dietary pattern is characterized by a high intake of plant-based foods, moderate consumption of fish and wine, limited intake of red meat and refined products, and the use of extra-virgin olive oil as the primary source of fat []. A growing body of evidence has investigated the potential anti-inflammatory effects of the Mediterranean diet, showing that higher adherence to this dietary pattern is associated with reduced levels of C-reactive protein and interleukins (IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-17) [, ]. However, many of the inflammatory biomarkers frequently assessed in research, such as cytokines and specific proteins, are not routinely measured in clinical settings. For this reason, inflammatory indices derived from complete blood counts have gained increasing attention as simple, accessible, and cost-effective markers of systemic inflammation, particularly in large-scale epidemiological studies []. These include the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR), systemic inflammation response index (SIRI), and monocyte-to-HDL ratio (MHR). These indices integrate blood cell counts and lipid parameters readily available from standard laboratory tests and have proven useful in describing the degree of systemic inflammation in several cardiometabolic conditions, including metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease [–].