Drosophila melanogaster Fly Odors Alone are not Sufficient to Attract other Flies.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) remains a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality due to chronic complications such as nephropathy, retinopathy, and cardiovascular disease. According to the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), the global adult diabetes prevalence is projected to reach 11.1% in 2024, with over 40% of cases undiagnosed []. Indonesia bears a substantial share of this burden, with an estimated 20.4 million people living with diabetes and a national prevalence of 11.3%, driven by aging populations, lifestyle changes, and urbanization []. This trend intensifies pressure on the national health system to address both preventive and long-term management needs for chronic diseases like T2DM. Despite evidence-based international guidelines from the American Diabetes Association (ADA) and the IDF, Indonesia faces significant challenges in their consistent implementation across health facilities [,]. Suboptimal outcomes are attributed to limited diagnostic technologies, clinical practice inconsistencies, delayed insulin initiation, and gaps in patient health literacy []. Beyond these clinical constraints, evidence increasingly shows that T2DM outcomes are strongly shaped by upstream health system and governance factors. Previous studies demonstrate that diabetes awareness, treatment adherence, and glycemic control are profoundly influenced by health system characteristics, including financing, service delivery models, referral mechanisms, and continuity of care []. Fragmentation across care levels, weak primary-referral coordination, and poorly integrated information systems consistently emerge as structural barriers to effective diabetes management, particularly in low- and middle-income settings. In Asian contexts, care continuity and integration are critical for sustained diabetes control. A systematic review highlights that strategies like coordinated follow-up, multidisciplinary collaboration, and technology-supported monitoring improve glycemic control, medication adherence, and quality of life []. However, fragmented service delivery and poor interoperability between providers remain major obstacles to scaling these interventions.