Melatonin Use and Polysomnographic Sleep Architecture in Children.

Snakebite envenoming (SBE) is a major public health issue that disproportionately affects low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), particularly rural and agricultural communities in sub-Saharan Africa, South and Southeast Asia, and Latin America.[] Despite its official recognition as a neglected tropical disease (NTD) by the World Health Organization (WHO), snakebite has continued to receive limited attention in prevention strategies, policy prioritisation, and research funding. The global burden of snakebite is substantial, with WHO estimates suggesting that approximately 5.4 million snakebites occur annually, resulting in up to 2.7 million envenoming’s and between 81,000 and 1,38,000 deaths worldwide.[] In addition to mortality, hundreds of thousands of survivors experience long-term disabilities, including amputations, chronic pain, and psychological trauma, which have profound implications for individuals, families, and health systems.[] India accounts for nearly half of global snakebite mortality, with an estimated 58,000 deaths annually.[] Most snakebite victims in India are drawn from rural and agrarian communities, including farmers, agricultural labourers, and forest workers, who frequently lack timely access to appropriate medical care.[] In a country where agriculture employs more than 50% of the workforce and where large populations reside in snake-endemic regions, understanding the circumstances under which snake–human conflict occurs is essential for developing effective and contextually appropriate prevention strategies. Beyond clinical outcomes, snakebite-related morbidity and mortality impose significant social and economic burdens on households and health systems, exacerbating cycles of poverty and vulnerability.[] Although clinical management and antivenom therapy have historically dominated snakebite research, comparatively less attention has been directed toward upstream determinants of risk. In particular, the behavioural and environmental circumstances that shape snake–human interactions have not been comprehensively mapped. Existing studies point to a complex interplay of environmental, occupational, behavioural, and socioeconomic factors that influence when, where, and how snake–human conflict occurs. However, this evidence remains fragmented, context-specific, and unevenly distributed across regions, making it difficult to derive a consolidated understanding of the circumstances associated with snake–human conflict, especially in high-burden settings.