Large language models can supplement the assessment of clinical high risk for psychosis.

Research has long established a connection between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and coronary artery disease (CAD) in the literature [–]. OSA is characterized by repeated episodes of partial or complete obstruction of the respiratory passages during sleep []. OSA is, however, increasingly being recognized in recent years as a complex and heterogeneous disorder wherein different OSA phenotypes may exist []. Approximately one billion people globally are estimated to have OSA [] However, the systematic effects of OSA on physiological systems are still not fully understood. A recent meta-analysis conducted by Yu et al. [] has shown that the gold standard OSA treatment of nocturnal CPAP utilization does not significantly decrease cardiovascular disease risk associated with OSA. This necessitates an increased understanding of the disease pathology that links OSA with cardiovascular disease. Recent research suggests that periodic limb movement in sleep (PLMS), a phenomenon commonly observed in OSA patients, may contribute to cardiovascular risks associated with the disease. Periodic limb movement in sleep is characterized by involuntary, repetitive limb movements during sleep, often leading to sleep fragmentation and arousal []. The prevalence of periodic limb movement in sleep is estimated to be 4–11% in adults [, ].While traditionally treated as an incidental finding in OSA, newer studies have suggested that increased periodic limb movement in sleep frequency may be directly correlated to sympathetic nervous system activity and potentiate a greater risk of cardiovascular hypertension and arrhythmias []. In fact, the presence of periodic limb movement in sleep in OSA patients has been associated with lower CPAP adherence, potentially due to unresolved sleep disruptions that persist despite airway-stabilizing interventions []. There is growing interest in defining OSA phenotypes that are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Currently, there is speculation that a higher periodic limb movement index/high arousal index phenotype of OSA may be concurrent with an increased likelihood of developing CAD []. Arousal index, defined as the frequency of awakenings per hour, is a particularly notable covariate as it has been suggested to reflect increased autonomic instability, promoting long-term cardiovascular risk [].