Aberrant insula activity to negative and reduced learning from positive feedback underlie maladaptive self-beliefs in depression.

Gambling, a widely enjoyed leisure activity, involves wagering money (or something of value) on uncertain outcomes in hopes of winning something of greater value []. While most engage in gambling without issues, a minority experience gambling-related harms, with some developing disordered gambling [–]. Globally, it is estimated that about 46% of adults gambled during the last 12 months, and 1.4% are estimated to be engaged in harmful gambling []. In Norway, the setting of this study, the prevalence of gambling is 61.8% and among these, 58.4% had played online at least once. The level of problem gambling is 0.6% and the level of moderate at-risk gambling is 2.3% []. Historically, the gambling industry has followed a responsible gambling (RG) framework, mainly shaped by the Reno model approach, that emphasizes voluntary harm-reduction measures while avoiding interference with recreational players []. The model places emphasis on individual responsibility, promoting informed choice, personal control, and prioritization of gambling recreational values. In practice, this framing appears limited, since responsible gambling measures tend to be underutilized and insufficiently understood by many gamblers []. A growing body of literature points to an emerging shift towards a public health approach. This is largely driven by regulatory reforms that enforce public policy and governmental legislation to regulate gamblers' behaviour in such a way as to reduce the likelihood of gambling-related harm, including duty of care obligations aimed at protecting players from gambling-related harm []. Duty of care encompasses several key components, including player monitoring, proactive customer engagement, escalating interventions based on gambling severity, and player education [, ]. However, the persistent underutilization of RG tools, combined with the evolving expectations of RG, highlights the need for more comprehensive and proactive measures to support individuals who gamble. An important yet often overlooked dimension of the duty of care involves ensuring that operators proactively equip customers with the information, tools, and resources required to make informed, ongoing decisions and to prevent harm. This involves frequent information on spending behaviour as well as addressing misconceptions or irrational beliefs about gambling outcomes. It has been hypothesized that providing information to encourage behavioural change can foster self-reflection and thus more RG practices []. Nevertheless, there is a dearth of knowledge in terms of the effectiveness of RG measures targeting erroneous beliefs, their implementation approaches, and their impact on online gambling. Against this backdrop, the current study evaluates an integrated educational intervention designed to correct potential erroneous gambling beliefs in a real-world online gambling setting.