Boundary cap neural crest stem cells exhibit remarkable resilience to environmental stressors associated with International Space Station mission.

Post-traumatic headache (PTH) is defined as a headache developing within 7 days after head trauma or after regaining consciousness, with acute PTHs lasting less than 3 months and persistent (chronic) PTHs continuing for more than 3 months after the injury. PTH affects approximately 49.3% (95% CI: 44.7–53.9%) of patients following traumatic head injury, with prevalence reaching 60.4% in acute mild head trauma cohorts at two weeks post-injury [, ]. Among patients with acute PTH, 52.4% report persistent symptoms at three months, representing a critical transition to chronic disability []. This high prevalence and chronification rate necessitate accurate risk stratification at initial emergency department (ED) presentation to identify patients requiring intensive early intervention. Current ED management prioritizes identification of structural pathology requiring neurosurgical intervention, with limited capacity to anticipate subsequent functional outcomes such as PTH []. Prior research has identified several demographic and clinical risk factors for PTH, including female sex, prior headache history, and presence of acute symptoms such as photophobia and difficulty concentrating [, ]. However, association models integrating these factors to enable bedside risk stratification remain limited. Existing models have focused primarily on demographic variables, acute symptom burden, and psychological factors, achieving modest discrimination [–]. These models lack external validation and have not systematically incorporated trauma-specific anatomical characteristics routinely documented during ED evaluation. During ED assessment, detailed information about trauma characteristics is routinely documented, including mechanism of injury, site of impact, and presence of visible tissue injury. Whether these injury-specific anatomical variables contribute independent prognostic information for PTH beyond established demographic and associated factors remains unclear [, ]. We conducted a prospective, multicenter study to identify associated factors of immediate PTH among patients presenting to the ED following head trauma. We developed a multivariable model incorporating patient demographics, injury characteristics, and acute clinical findings to assess their relative contribution to immediate PTH risk.