Facilitating Teamwork With Minimal Interaction via a Mesh-Based Communication Device in a Clinical Nursing Setting: Intervention Study.

Impaired cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) dynamics have been suggested to play a key role in the development of dementia including Alzheimer's disease (AD) []. The exchange of CSF within perivascular spaces (PVS) and interstitial fluid facilitates metabolic waste clearance from the brain through the glymphatic system. In patients with AD, disturbed CSF dynamics may contribute to impaired clearance of amyloid beta (Aβ) and tau, accelerating disease progression in both animal and human models [, ]. Although several imaging approaches have been proposed to assess the CSF dynamics such as diffusion tensor image analysis along the PVS (DTI‐ALPS) [], blood oxygen level‐dependent CSF (BOLD‐CSF) coupling [], and contrast‐enhancement along the perivascular spaces [, ], there is currently no consensus on the optimal imaging method. Arterial spin‐labeled (ASL) estimated cerebral blood flow (CBF) has been used as a surrogate biomarker of vascular dysregulation which might precede detectable AD pathological changes, where regions with lower CBF have been linked to the presence of amyloid pathology in early disease [, ]. ASL signal within CSF has recently emerged as a promising approach for probing CSF dynamics [, , ]. Although conventional ASL quantification assumes a negligible CSF contribution to the perfusion signal, emerging evidence has shown that labeled water can exchange from the cerebral vasculature into CSF compartments, generating a detectable CSF‐associated ASL signal [, , ]. This observation suggests that ASL can provide complementary information beyond parenchymal CBF, enabling indirect assessment of water transport across vascular and perivascular pathways into CSF spaces. However, reliable quantification of CSF‐adjacent ASL signal is technically nontrivial because measurements near the cortical surface are susceptible to partial‐volume mixing and macrovascular contamination []. Accordingly, recent methodological advances emphasize partial‐volume–aware sampling strategies and tissue‐fraction constraints to improve the specificity of cortical‐surface adjacent ASL measurements and better isolate CSF‐associated signal components [].