Functional specialization of mPFC-BLA and mPFC-NAc pathways in affective state representation.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder that causes chronic hyperglycemia due to abnormalities in insulin secretion or action []. This condition leads to pathophysiologic changes in multiple organ systems, with 4 main categories, including type 1 DM (T1DM), type 2 DM, gestational DM, and specific types resulting from other causes []. T1DM, previously known as insulin-dependent diabetes, is a common chronic childhood disease with peak diagnosis in the midteens []. Its exact cause is unknown. T1DM results from autoimmune β-cell destruction, usually leading to absolute insulin deficiency, including latent autoimmune diabetes in adults [,]. Adolescence is a transitional phase between childhood and adulthood that involves physical, cognitive, social, and emotional changes leading toward independence []. The World Health Organization (WHO) defines adolescents as individuals aged 10-19 years. []. In the past 20 years, the global prevalence of diabetes has nearly tripled, with a significant increase in children and adolescents living with the disease []. Currently, there are approximately 50,600 children and adolescents under the age of 20 living with T1DM in Africa []. Ethiopia ranks fourth in the number of people with diabetes [], and the estimated incidence of T1DM among children and adolescents is 2.4 per 100,000 per year [].