Understanding the usefulness-risk paradox in AI writing tool adoption: An extended technology acceptance model study in Chinese University L2 writing contexts.

Iran is among the countries most vulnerable to the impacts of climate change due to its predominantly arid and semi-arid climate, limited water resources, high evaporation rates, and increasing exposure to extreme weather events. More than 80% of Iran’s land area is classified as arid or semi-arid, with average annual precipitation less than one-third of the global mean []. Climate projections indicate rising temperatures, prolonged droughts, more intense floods, and increasingly frequent dust storms, all of which pose significant risks to population health and place growing pressure on health systems []. Evidence from Iran demonstrates that climate change is already affecting health outcomes through multiple direct and indirect pathways. Heatwaves have been associated with increased cardiovascular and respiratory morbidity and mortality, while worsening air pollution- particularly in large urban areas- has intensified the burden of non-communicable diseases []. Climate variability has also altered the distribution and seasonality of climate-sensitive infectious diseases, including vector-borne and waterborne illnesses [,]. In addition, droughts and environmental degradation have negatively affected food security and nutritional status, increasing vulnerability among children and other at-risk populations []. Beyond physical health impacts, climate-related disasters and environmental stressors have contributed to mental health challenges, displacement, and social disruption []. Iran’s health system, while relatively strong in primary health care (PHC) coverage and service delivery, is increasingly exposed to climate-related risks that threaten its stability and performance. Climate hazards can damage health infrastructure, disrupt supply chains for medicines and medical equipment, and overwhelm health facilities during extreme events []. At the same time, structural challenges-including limited sustainable financing, shortages of specialized human resources in climate and environmental health, and fragmented institutional arrangements-constrain the system’s adaptive capacity []. Community-based health workers are a key component of Iran’s PHC system, particularly in rural and underserved areas, where they serve as frontline providers of health promotion, disease prevention, surveillance, and emergency response. However, they are also directly exposed to climate-related hazards, including extreme heat, air pollution, floods, and climate-sensitive infectious disease outbreaks, which can negatively affect their health, safety, and service delivery capacity. Despite these risks, they play an important role in enhancing community adaptation by supporting risk communication, facilitating early warning dissemination, and strengthening climate-sensitive disease surveillance at the local level. Therefore, strengthening the capacity, occupational safety, and preparedness of community-based health workers is essential for building a climate-resilient health system, particularly in low- and middle-income countries facing increasing climate variability and extreme events []. Without deliberate and coordinated action, climate change risks undermining past gains in population health, equity, and health system performance.