Facilitators of and barriers to interprofessional learning between nurses and physiotherapists in hospital-based clinical practice: A scoping review.

Mobile money adoption in Africa has expanded rapidly, outpacing other regions and significantly advancing financial inclusion [,]. By facilitating fast, secure, and low-cost transactions, it allows households to save, make payments, and build credit histories [–]. Importantly, these services have been particularly transformative for marginalized groups such as women and youth, who face persistent barriers to formal financial systems [,]. Recent GSMA reports further show that Sub-Saharan Africa remains the global leader in mobile money adoption, with rapid growth in transaction volumes, account activity, and ecosystem development, reinforcing mobile money’s role as a driver of inclusive finance [,]. Evidence from countries including Ghana, Burkina Faso, and Cameroon links mobile money to improved economic empowerment and welfare outcomes [–]. More broadly, studies from Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda consistently demonstrate that mobile money enhances household resilience through improved consumption smoothing, poverty reduction, savings mobilisation, and access to essential services. Nevertheless, much of this evidence has been generated in relatively stable institutional environments, raising important questions about whether similar welfare effects can be expected in countries experiencing persistent fragility, conflict, and climate-related shocks. However, most existing studies focus on relatively stable economies such as Kenya, Ghana, and Uganda [], leaving the welfare implications of mobile money in fragile and shock-prone settings underexplored [–]. This represents an important gap because the mechanisms through which digital financial services influence household welfare are likely to differ across institutional contexts. In stable economies, mobile money primarily facilitates financial transactions and market participation, whereas in fragile settings it may additionally function as a critical resilience mechanism by supporting emergency remittances, humanitarian assistance, and government-to-person (G2P) transfers when conventional financial institutions are disrupted [,,]. Evidence from humanitarian settings further demonstrates that harmonized digital data systems and mobile-enabled cash transfer programmes improve the efficiency, coordination, and targeting of emergency assistance, thereby strengthening household resilience during crises []. Mozambique therefore, provides a critical case. As one of Africa’s most fragile states, the country has experienced overlapping crises – including armed conflict in Cabo Delgado, recurrent tropical cyclones, widespread displacement, and persistent poverty – that have weakened livelihoods, disrupted financial systems, and exacerbated socioeconomic vulnerabilities, particularly among women and youth [,,–]. Evidence from other fragile contexts, such as South Sudan, further suggests that conflict weakens financial infrastructure and constrains financial inclusion, highlighting the importance of digital financial services where conventional banking systems are disrupted []. These conditions make Mozambique a distinctive and policy-relevant setting for understanding whether mobile money can enhance household welfare where formal financial infrastructure is constrained and exposure to economic shocks is high. Furthermore, although previous studies have generally measured financial inclusion using mobile money account ownership, emerging evidence suggests that welfare improvements are driven primarily by active usage rather than mere ownership of an account. Likewise, existing studies often examine isolated welfare outcomes, such as consumption or income, with relatively limited attention given to multidimensional measures of household well-being. Addressing these gaps requires distinguishing active mobile money users from dormant account holders while adopting a broader measure of welfare that captures multiple dimensions of household living standards.