Predator presence versus predator cues: oviposition trade-offs in Aedes albopictus.

Cerebrovascular diseases remain a major global health challenge because of their substantial clinical, societal, and economic burden. According to the Global Burden of Disease 2021 study, stroke is the second leading cause of mortality among non-communicable diseases worldwide and the third leading cause of death and disability combined, accounting for nearly 7 million deaths annually In 2021, approximately 93.8 million individuals were living with the consequences of stroke, while 11.9 million new stroke events were reported globally []. Ischemic stroke accounted for approximately 65.3% of all stroke cases [], with large vessel occlusion implicated in up to 46% of ischemic events []. A major challenge in chronic carotid artery occlusive disease is identifying patients most likely to benefit from surgical revascularization while optimizing treatment strategies and understanding postoperative neurological and cognitive outcomes. The role of extracranial–intracranial (EC -IC) bypass remains controversial. The Carotid Occlusion Surgery Study (COSS) reported no reduction in recurrent ischemic stroke despite improved cerebral hemodynamics following bypass [,]. Conversely, the Japanese EC -IC Bypass Trial (JET) and JET-2 study suggested potential benefits of revascularization in carefully selected patients with documented hemodynamic compromise [,]. Subsequent observational studies have reported similar findings in selected high-risk populations [,]. These inconsistent results highlight the need for further investigation into postoperative hemodynamic, neurological, and cognitive outcomes to improve patient selection and surgical decision-making. Key factors influencing long-term outcomes after direct EC-IC bypass include graft patency, stroke incidence, and functional recovery []. These outcomes are determined by the precision of the surgical technique, baseline and postoperative hemodynamic characteristics, and the extent of cerebral revascularisation achieved. However, there is a limited amount of high-quality longitudinal evidence evaluating the relationship between postoperative collateral flow development and long-term neurological and cognitive recovery. In particular, whether improvements in cerebral hemodynamics translate into meaningful functional and neurocognitive benefits remains insufficiently characterized. This knowledge gap limits the ability to optimize patient selection and refine prognostic assessment after revascularization, providing an important rationale for the present study.