Research progress on the association of maternal high-fat diet with offspring neurodevelopment and susceptibility to Parkinson's disease.

According to the World Health Statistics 2023 report published by the World Health Organization, noncommunicable diseases account for approximately 41 million deaths annually, representing 74% of all deaths worldwide []. Chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases, chronic respiratory diseases, and diabetes, are long-term conditions that generally require ongoing medical care and sustained self-management []. These conditions can often be prevented or managed through behavioral changes, particularly by increasing physical activity (PA) and reducing sedentary behavior. PA refers to any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that results in energy expenditure, whereas sedentary behavior refers to any waking behavior characterized by low energy expenditure while sitting, reclining, or lying [,]. Regular PA is associated with improved cardiovascular health, glycemic control, and mental well-being [,]. However, many patients with chronic diseases have difficulty achieving sufficient levels of PA and limiting sedentary time in daily life. Prolonged sedentary behavior has been associated with impaired metabolic function, obesity, anxiety, depression, and increased risks of hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and other adverse health outcomes [-]. Therefore, reducing sedentary behavior and promoting PA are important components of chronic disease management. Traditional lifestyle interventions designed to reduce sedentary behavior and promote PA may be effective in controlled settings, but they often rely on standardized, fixed plans that deliver the same type and intensity of support to all patients at predetermined time points []. This approach may overlook individual variability and dynamic changes in patients’ needs, potentially resulting in insufficient, excessive, or poorly matched support []. Digital health, which refers to the use of digital technologies to support health care delivery, monitoring, and self-management, offers opportunities to provide more timely and personalized behavioral support []. Within digital health, mobile health (mHealth) interventions use mobile phones, wearable activity trackers, sensors, and other wireless technologies to monitor health behaviors and deliver intervention content in everyday settings []. In interventions targeting PA and sedentary behavior, mHealth tools can track steps, activity intensity, sedentary time, and location, as well as deliver feedback, reminders, motivational messages, and activity suggestions []. In recent years, just-in-time adaptive interventions (JITAIs) have emerged as a promising mHealth approach to supporting behavior change []. A JITAI is designed to provide the right type and amount of support at the right time by adapting intervention delivery to a person’s current needs, context, or state of vulnerability and opportunity [,]. In practice, JITAIs commonly use data from wearable sensors, mobile apps, ecological momentary assessment (EMA), or contextual information, such as time of day, location, and recent activity patterns, to determine when and how support should be delivered [,]. Key JITAIs design components typically include decision points, tailoring variables, intervention options, decision rules, and proximal or distal outcomes []. Previous studies have applied JITAIs across a range of health behavior areas, including smoking cessation, alcohol reduction, dietary improvement, and mental health support, suggesting that they may provide more personalized and timely support in daily life than traditional interventions [,]. In the field of PA promotion and sedentary behavior reduction, JITAIs have increasingly been applied among individuals with diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and other long-term conditions [-]. A key potential advantage of JITAIs is their ability to use data from mobile phones, sensors, and self-reports to deliver context-sensitive support that accounts for daily fluctuations in symptoms, motivation, routines, and opportunities for PA [-].