Empowering menopausal women to adopt climate-adaptive health behaviors and reduce climate-sensitive health outcomes: an IMB model-based quasi-experimental study.

Recent developments in digital technologies have contributed to the rapid growth of e-commerce and changed consumers' shopping habits (). Today, online shopping has become a part of everyday life for many consumers. Personalized product recommendations, targeted advertisements, and quick access to products have a greater influence on consumers' purchase decisions than before (). Along with these changes, online impulsive buying (OIB) has also become more common. For example, reported that 91% of consumers had made at least one impulsive purchase, 84% of online shoppers had bought products they had not planned to purchase, and in some sectors these purchases accounted for around 60–70% of total sales. These findings show that OIB has become an important part of today's e-commerce. However, OIB should not be seen simply as a behavior that provides immediate pleasure. Research shows that unplanned purchases may provide short-term satisfaction. At the same time, they may also result in negative outcomes such as guilt, regret, and financial problems (). Therefore, it is not enough to explain OIB only by the opportunities provided by online shopping environments. Consumers shopping in the same online environment do not always behave in the same way, even when they are exposed to similar stimuli. Some consumers are more easily influenced by these stimuli, whereas others are able to control their purchase decisions. This suggests that OIB is associated not only with environmental factors but also with individuals' relatively stable psychological characteristics. At this point, personality traits play an important role in explaining why individuals behave differently (). In particular, the “Dark Triad” personality traits (DTP)—comprising narcissism, Machiavellianism, and psychopathy—are receiving increasing attention in explaining consumer behavior. Previous studies have examined these personality traits in relation to panic buying (; ), purchase intention (), consumption of luxury and counterfeit goods (; ), unethical consumption behaviors (; ), and word-of-mouth communication ().