A personalized simulation framework for optimizing orthokeratology lens parameters based on 3D corneal modeling and biomechanical analysis.

Major depressive disorder (MDD) has a lifetime prevalence of approximately 15–18% and is a heterogeneous condition in terms of symptomatology, clinical course and response to pharmacological treatment (). The disorder is frequently recurrent and a substantial proportion of patients fail to achieve adequate response to standard treatments (). Data from large clinical cohorts, namely the STAR*D study, indicate that approximately 30% of patients do not achieve remission despite four treatment steps (). Moreover, the risk of recurrence may reach up to 80% (, ). Subtypes of depression are described in DSM-5, such as the melancholic subtype, the atypical subtype, the psychotic subtype and the anxious subtype, each one possibly associated with distinct biological mechanisms (, ). The chronic, recurrent and potentially treatment-resistant nature of MDD highlights the need for novel therapeutic strategies, particularly neuromodulation techniques.