Inter-individual differences in cognitive function modulate preparatory kinematics during cognitively challenging change-of-direction tasks.

Many women experience menstruation-related symptoms that markedly impair their quality of life (QoL) in health-related and social domains. Menstruation-related symptoms include premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and symptoms during menstruation, such as menstrual pain (dysmenorrhea, particularly when symptoms are severe). PMS is characterized by physical and psychological symptoms that occur in the luteal phase before menstruation and resolve with the onset of menstruation (). When psychological symptoms predominate and are severe, the condition is diagnosed as premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). Effective coping strategies for menstruation-related symptoms are essential for maintaining women’s QoL. International surveys have reported that the prevalence of PMS is approximately 24% (). Regarding symptoms during menstruation, a survey of Dutch women reported that 85% experienced dysmenorrhea, 77% reported psychological complaints, 71% experienced fatigue, and 38% had difficulty performing daily activities during menstruation (). Although the pathophysiology of PMS has not been fully elucidated, dysfunction of the serotonin system is widely considered to play a central role (, ). Fluctuations in blood serotonin levels during the luteal phase have been observed in patients with PMS (). Moreover, accumulating clinical evidence indicates that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) alleviate both psychological and physical symptoms of PMS (, ). Abnormalities in serotonergic function are closely associated with cyclical fluctuations in progesterone. Allopregnanolone, a progesterone metabolite, has been reported to affect serotonergic neural activity via -aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors (, ). Rapid hormonal fluctuations during the luteal phase are therefore thought to destabilize the serotonergic system, leading to symptoms such as mood dysregulation and depression.