Association between the triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and 90-day post-stroke depression in acute ischemic stroke.

Approximately half of patients with schizophrenia achieve symptomatic remission after antipsychotic treatment during the acute phase (). Clinical recovery is defined as a state that includes symptomatic remission and achievement of normative levels of functioning in psychosocial domains, including degree of independence, educational and vocational functioning, and peer relationships (). Although symptomatic remission has long been considered the primary treatment goal for schizophrenia, there is growing interest in achieving clinical recovery from the perspectives of patients and their families, clinicians, and researchers. However, the rate of clinical recovery was 13.5%, which is lower than the remission rate in patients with schizophrenia, and many patients continue to experience functional disability (). It was also been reported that patients with schizophrenia who had multiple psychotic episodes had lower rates of employment and clinical remission than those who had a first psychotic episode (). Thus, clinical recovery is a more difficult treatment goal for schizophrenia compared with achieving remission. Cognitive impairment is one of the core features of schizophrenia. Previous studies reported that cognitive impairment in schizophrenia was more severe than in other psychotic disorders and bipolar disorders (; ). Cognitive impairment is often recognized prior to the onset of illness (), and it has been shown to be associated with social functioning and specific cognitive domains, such as processing speed, attention, and working memory (). A meta-analysis showed that certain cognitive domains in treatment-responsive schizophrenia were better preserved than in treatment-resistant schizophrenia (). Thus, differences in treatment response among patients with schizophrenia may be influenced by cognitive function. There is a substantial gap in functional outcomes between clinical recovery and remission in patients with schizophrenia, leading to increased interest in the differences between recovery and remission in this population. Cognitive function is considered to be a recovery-related to factor, and changes in cognition were shown to influence changes in functioning (). In addition, specific cognitive domains were shown to be predictors of good functional outcomes in patients with schizophrenia () and previous studies demonstrated the importance of cognitive function in achieving recovery and remission (; ; ). Another study reported that several cognitive domains in the recovered schizophrenia group were higher than those in the non-recovered group but remained lower than those of healthy controls (). Therefore, functional outcomes, including cognitive function, in patients with schizophrenia who achieve recovery may not reach the same level as those of healthy individuals. We previously reported that cognitive function in patients with schizophrenia in symptomatic remission was impaired across multiple cognitive domains compared with healthy controls (). However, differences in cognitive function between recovery and symptomatic remission in patients with schizophrenia have not been clearly established.