Transcutaneous Auricular Vagus Nerve Stimulation to Improve Daily-Life Gait in Parkinson's Disease: A Case Report.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic immune-mediated central nervous system disorder characterized by co-occurring inflammatory, demyelinating, and neurodegenerative processes leading to progressive disability (). Although MS presents heterogeneously, cognitive impairment (CI) is a major clinical issue, often appearing early and affecting quality of life, work functioning, and rehabilitation outcomes. These deficits are not well-captured by traditional physical disability measures, such as the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS), highlighting the need for systematic and sensitive cognitive assessments (). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the gold standard for diagnosing and monitoring MS (), enabling assessment of lesion dissemination in space and time and measurement of brain atrophy (). Metrics such as lesion load, cortical and subcortical volumes, and ventricular enlargement provide insight into disease mechanisms (). However, standard MRI measures do not fully account for cognitive variability among patients, underscoring the growing importance of multimodal approaches (). Integrating neuropsychological data with morphometric MRI measures may provide a more accurate reflection of a patient's condition than single-modality analyses. Combining multimodal assessment with exploratory analytic methods also supports the identification of new MS-related biomarkers. Increasingly, MS progression and patient status are modeled using approaches from classical regression to deep learning ().