From adaptation to overload: how climate risks affect public health?-evidence from China.

Global evidence shows a rising incidence of early-onset cancers (diagnosed before age 50), particularly for breast, colorectal, pancreatic, and thyroid tumors. However, Latin America and the Caribbean remain critically underrepresented in this literature. Prior studies are fragmented—often limited to single institutions, single tumor types, or short time series—and few analyses use population-based cancer registries. Before this review, no synthesis had mapped regional incidence trends, temporal changes, and methodological heterogeneity across Latin American countries. This scoping review provides the first region-wide synthesis of early-onset cancer incidence trends across Latin America and the Caribbean. By systematically evaluating 28 studies from 11 countries, it highlights consistent increases in breast, colorectal, thyroid, and cervical adenocarcinoma incidence among adults under 50 years. The review also identifies substantial evidence gaps, including limited geographic coverage, reliance on hospital-based data, inconsistent analytical approaches, and scarce age–period–cohort analyses. Our mapping clarifies where surveillance capacity is strongest and where cancer burden remains largely undocumented.