How AI-enhanced learning activities contribute to digital literacy in pre-service pre-school teachers.

John Dewey (1859–1952) was a highly prominent American philosopher, psychologist, and educational reformer of the 19th and 20th centuries. He attained global recognition through his work on democracy and education and is credited as one of the principal founders of pragmatism. And Dewey’s theory of experience remains a cornerstone of art education today, elevating art as the essential means through which lived experience is integrated and holistic growth is fostered in a democratic society (). In art education, cognition is largely accepted as a facet of the conscious and unconscious mind (). In 1974, Brian Allison proposed a more cerebral approach to art education in his thesis , and the role of cognition in art education has been deliberated. To explore the connections formed between art, education and cognition, it is necessary to conceptualize the concept of cognition and apply it as a single and connected entity. Cognition could be defined as: knowledge, process, interdisciplinary experience and embodiment, offering a framework for understanding the meaning of cognition (). One view holds that cognition is within the framework of knowledge. Cognitive knowledge concerns information networks that are acquired through experiences (). An artist teacher research participant rationalized cognitive knowledge by expressing: “the cog, in cognition, makes me think of the process to make something work – like the cogs in a clock, but in our brain” ().