The psychological benefits of outdoor landscape sketching in higher art education: an extended SOR perspective.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a leading cause of irreversible vision loss worldwide, with an estimated 8.06 million individuals affected by AMD-related visual impairment in 2021, a figure projected to rise to 21.34 million by 2050. However, this epidemiologic burden is incompletely captured by high-contrast visual acuity, the dominant endpoint in most clinical trials and regulatory pathways. Patients with early or intermediate AMD may experience functionally meaningful deficits in contrast sensitivity, low-luminance vision, and dark adaptation despite relatively preserved best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA)., , In late AMD, macular exudation, fibrosis, and atrophy can additionally produce scotomas and metamorphopsia, and patients with central retinal damage may adopt eccentric preferred retinal loci with variably stable fixation, further limiting everyday activities and reducing vision-related quality of life. The multidimensional impact of AMD on reading, mobility, independence, and psychosocial well-being reveals a persistent gap between what is typically quantified in clinical testing and what patients experience in daily life. Consequently, patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) have gained prominence as complementary endpoints, providing standardized assessments of patient-perceived symptoms, functional limitations, and well-being, and are increasingly expected in comprehensive evaluations of therapeutic interventions. This expectation reflects regulatory emphasis on patient-centered evidence and value-based health care initiatives that promote standardized outcome sets incorporating PROMs., , In ophthalmology, and specifically in AMD, the International Consortium for Health Outcomes Measurement macular degeneration standard set explicitly includes PROMs as part of a minimum core data set, positioning vision-related quality of life measurement as central to benchmarking and value-based assessment. In AMD research, the National Eye Institute Visual Function Questionnaire (NEI VFQ) family is the most frequently used PROM for patient-reported vision-related functioning. In pivotal neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) trials, NEI VFQ-25 scores improved with antiangiogenic treatment across multiple subscales and the composite score, supporting responsiveness of vision-specific PROMs to treatment effects. Despite rising expectations for patient-centered measurement, PROM implementation and reporting in AMD trials may not fully align with contemporary methodological standards. A 2015 systematic review found that PROMs were included in <15% of AMD randomized controlled trials (RCTs), with the NEI VFQ-25 predominating (>60% of PROMs-inclusive studies). Since then, the therapeutic landscape and methodological standards for trial outcome reporting have evolved substantially. It remains unclear whether contemporary AMD RCTs report PROMs with sufficient consistency and transparency to support cross-study comparability, valid interpretations, or whether the evidence base supports synthesis of patient-reported functioning across interventions, populations, and disease stages.