Resting state brain activity and association with transfer of cognitive training gains.

As the field of non-human primate (NHP) neuroimaging expands, recent efforts have focused on sharing resources and standardizing approaches to accelerate progress (; ). As new primate species are analyzed in a comparative neuroimaging framework, this not only advances our understanding of brain organization, but also sheds light on the features that make human brains unique (), with clear clinical implications (). Adding a longitudinal dimension to magnetic resonance (MR) templates offers further opportunities to understand the development of brain structures over time at both individual and population levels. Population-based species-specific neuroimaging templates offer a normalization target that permits workers to register their primate acquisitions to a standard and thus effectively analyze their data in a validated anatomical space, and further, segment tissue types using established probabilistic priors. A previous baboon () T1w template, Haiko89 () is based on 89 individual adults. Here, we offer a developmental template generated from a cohort of 21 individual baboons () scanned at four time points, starting about 2 weeks after birth through adolescence. Developmental templates, especially those based on longitudinal data from the same cohort, are labor- and resource-intensive, but offer a plethora of advantages to developmental neuroscience researchers (). In pediatric studies, investigators are confronted with rapid brain changes due to postnatal maturation, necessitating age-specific templates. In recent years, developmental templates using longitudinal data have been generated for humans (e.g., ) and macaques (e.g., ; ). In addition to the utility of these templates for researchers with scans of neonates or juveniles, developmental templates in other NHP species open the door to investigations into the relationship between ontogeny and phylogeny.