Game-based learning in microbiology education: design and classroom use of MicroBioCombat.

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive disease characterized by airflow limitation that is not fully reversible. Current estimates indicate that approximately 56 million people in Europe suffer from COPD, with a global mortality rate of around 3 million annually. The most prevalent symptoms of COPD, such as cough, dyspnea, fatigue, and pain, significantly affect patients’ physical and psychological well-being, leading to a marked reduction in their quality of life. In addition, exercise intolerance, anxiety, depression, and hypoxemia may negatively affect sexual activity and satisfaction. Patients with COPD frequently present with comorbidities that play a fundamental role in the progression and prognosis of the disease. These comorbidities, along with other extrapulmonary manifestations such as heart failure, diabetes mellitus, peripheral arterial disease, musculoskeletal dysfunction, osteoporosis, or depression contribute to a substantial deterioration in quality of life. Furthermore, these factors are associated with a higher risk of disease exacerbations and subsequent hospitalizations. Sexual health is a fundamental aspect of overall well-being. Chronic diseases frequently have a negative impact on sexual health, resulting in a decreased quality of sexual life. Recent studies indicate that more than 50% of men and women with COPD experience sexual dysfunction. However, the relationship between COPD and sexual activity remains underexplored, and the specific factors contributing to sexual dysfunction in this population are not yet fully understood. Furthermore, it’s an aspect infrequently addressed in COPD management in routine clinical practice.