Being Gatekeepers in the Community: The Perceived Role of Sexual Abuse Prevention Team Activists in Local Communities.

Globally, immunization supply chains are recognized as a critical backbone of national immunization programs, and persistent weaknesses in cold-chain equipment, real-time stock visibility, and temperature monitoring continue to limit coverage gains, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Recent WHO guidance emphasizes end-to-end visibility of vaccine flows, robust temperature monitoring, and data-driven stock management as core pillars of resilient immunization supply chains []. Digital information systems, including electronic stock management tools and dashboard-based monitoring, have therefore been promoted to address long-standing challenges such as stock-outs, vaccine wastage, and fragmented data. India’s Universal Immunization Programme is one of the largest in the world, protecting millions of children and pregnant women against vaccine-preventable diseases. An efficient vaccine supply chain is essential to ensure that vaccines remain available and potent until the point of last-mile delivery [-]. However, despite the success of the routine immunization program, the national vaccine supply chain continues to face operational challenges. In 2015, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, with support from the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), introduced the Electronic Vaccine Intelligence Network (eVIN) in selected states to modernize immunization logistics [,]. eVIN is a smartphone- and cloud-based application that digitizes information on vaccine stock levels and cold-chain temperatures at all vaccine storage points, enabling real-time visibility for program managers []. Over the subsequent years, eVIN was scaled up to cover all 731 districts across 36 states and union territories of India [].