Neurodegenerative diseases and immune system: From pathogenic mechanism to therapy.

Globally, people with disabilities face a heightened risk of poverty [–]. This relationship between disability and poverty is increasingly recognised by the international community, including in social protection and other poverty alleviation activities []. For example, the 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda calls for a greater focus on disability across its 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), including SDG 1 which seeks to eliminate poverty “in all its forms” []. Disaggregation of SDG indicators by disability and other characteristics is an overarching principle of the Sustainable Development Agenda, so that “no one is left behind” from development gains []. The right of people with disabilities to an adequate standard of living is also codified in Article 28 of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD), which has been ratified by 183 States and the European Union []. However, indicators used in the SDGs and by governments for measuring poverty often fail to adequately capture economic well-being amongst people with disabilities and their households [–]. People with disabilities and their households often face disability-related costs that lower their standard of living. These costs include, including fewer opportunities for work and education for both people with disabilities and members of their family (e.g., providers unpaid care and support). Indirect costs are reflected in many determinations of poverty (e.g., households have lower incomes and are therefore more likely to be below the national poverty line); however, most assessments assume equivalent consumptions needs between people with and without disabilities and thus fail to account for disability-related , or what is commonly referred to as “extra costs of disability” []. Disability-related direct costs are additional expenses that people with disabilities and their households incur to achieve a similar level of participation and well-being compared to people without disabilities []. They may include expenses for disability-related goods and services (e.g., rehabilitation, personal assistance, assistive devices) or additional spending on items also used by people without disabilities (e.g., general healthcare, transportation) []. The type and magnitude of disability-related direct costs varies amongst people with disabilities, depending on factors such as their impairment type, age and the environment in which they live [, ]. For example, the availability and affordability of required goods and services in different settings affects the out-of-pocket costs borne by individuals and their households. Further, public investment in disability-inclusive planning, such as inclusive education and healthcare, and accessible infrastructure, transportation and communication systems, can reduce the need for spending by households.