Assessing the economic burden of complicated urinary tract infection: A systematic literature review.

Thoracic hyperkyphosis is a frequent postural deformity in children and adolescents, defined as a forward curvature of the thoracic spine exceeding 40 degrees. While primarily structural, this condition often leads to functional limitations such as reduced respiratory function, back pain, impaired balance, and psychosocial effects including low self-esteem and social withdrawal. Consequently, if left untreated during childhood, it may lead to persistent musculoskeletal discomfort, reduced mobility, and a lower quality of life in adulthood. Contributing factors typically include weak spinal extensors, prolonged sedentary behavior, and poor postural habits associated with musculoskeletal imbalances. Concurrently, the prevalence of thoracic hyperkyphosis has risen in recent years, especially among school-aged children. This trend is largely attributed to lifestyle changes, such as excessive screen time and sedentary behaviors associated with prolonged use of smartphones, tablets, and computers. Children aged eight to 14 are especially vulnerable due to ongoing musculoskeletal development and the formation of long-term postural habits. These risks were further intensified during the COVID-19 pandemic, which increased daily screen exposure and limited physical activity—both recognized contributors to postural dysfunction. Conventional physiotherapy approaches for hyperkyphosis typically involve face-to-face interventions that emphasize strengthening spinal extensors, stretching shortened anterior structures, and improving neuromuscular control. While such programs have shown efficacy in improving postural alignment and enhancing body awareness, the use of digital health tools has recently expanded these interventions beyond traditional clinical settings. Telerehabilitation, the remote delivery of physiotherapy services via digital platforms, has gained momentum, particularly in pediatric populations following the COVID-19 pandemic. Its effectiveness has been demonstrated in various musculoskeletal and neurological conditions, offering potential advantages in pediatric rehabilitation such as improved accessibility, family engagement, and enhanced adherence. By enabling therapy in the child's natural home environment, telerehabilitation helps mitigate barriers like transportation, financial limitations, and caregiver burden. Furthermore, it aligns with the principles of family-centered care by actively involving caregivers in the therapeutic process.