Satisfying personal preference or being considerate? The protagonist's preference matters in children's evaluation of social mindfulness.

Many of the andrological conditions encountered in adult patients—ranging from genital, hormonal, reproductive, and oncological issues to sexual and psychological aspects—originate during childhood, adolescence, or even as early as the gestational and neonatal periods. For this reason, andrology should not be regarded solely as a discipline of adulthood, but rather as a medical specialty concerned with male health and reproductive function across the entire lifespan, starting from birth—or even from fetal life—and extending into aging. It is well established that the male gonads, along with hypothalamic gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)-secreting neurons and pituitary gonadotroph cells, are highly sensitive to a wide range of influences—including genetic, environmental, chemical, and physical factors—that may disrupt their proper development and function during critical windows such as gestation, the neonatal period, puberty, and the transitional age [–]. In this context, andrological evaluation by a pediatric endocrinologist or an andrologist is recommended throughout the prepubertal, pubertal, and postpubertal stages, particularly when indicated by a neonatologist or primary care pediatrician during routine screening visits. Careful assessment in neonates, children, and adolescents enables early diagnosis of a wide spectrum of andrological disorders, including disorders of sexual development, structural anomalies of the genital tract, normal and abnormal pubertal development, undescended testes, genital tumors, and disturbances of gonadal function, with implications for growth, virilization, and fertility. When not promptly diagnosed and treated, these conditions may result in long-term adverse effects on male reproductive health. Despite their clinical relevance, the current literature on pediatric and adolescent andrological disorders remains limited and fragmented, often focusing on isolated conditions and overlooking the critical transitional period [–]. Moreover, effective collaboration between pediatric endocrinologists and andrologists remains essential to ensure appropriate continuity of care during the transition age. This period, following the completion of pubertal development up to young adulthood, involves the transfer of patients from pediatric to adult healthcare services and requires careful attention to provide continuous care and appropriate management of age-specific health issues. The involvement of andrologists and adult endocrinologist may occur at different ages (even early during childhood) according to organizational setting, which may vary across Countries.