Does agricultural green finance help reduce agricultural carbon emission intensity: an empirical analysis based on 30 provinces in China.

Although Gender-based violence (GBV) has only lately started to be acknowledged as a public health concern, it is a significant contributor to female morbidity and death. A more a comprehensive description of GBV encompasses a wide range of harmful actions, including physical, sexual, psychological harm, economic abuse, harassment, sexual exploitation, reproductive coercion, arbitrary deprivation of freedom, and controlling actions that isolate individuals or limit their access to financial resources, employment, education, or medical care. An increasing number of studies indicates that there is pervasive violence against women; according to reports, one in three women worldwide have been abused at some point in their childhood, teenage years, or adult life. This violence also directly affects the psychological effects, physical violence and financial consequences. GBV has multiple underlying reasons, such as social, economic, cultural, political, and religious aspects. The World Health Organization conducted a study across multiple countries on violence against women. The findings showed that the occurrence of physical or sexual assault by an intimate partner varied between 15% and 71% across a woman’s lifetime, and between 4% and 54% within the last 12 months while between 20% and 75% of women reported experiencing emotional violence. The prevalence of all forms of violence was continuously lowest in Japan city, while the provinces of Bangladesh, Ethiopia, Peru, and the United Republic of Tanzania recorded the highest percentages. A comprehensive study of 161 countries, covering 90% of women and girls aged 15 and older worldwide, indicates that 27% of women aged 15–49 have experienced physical or sexual intimate partner violence in their lifetime, with 13% facing such violence in the past year. This issue begins early, affecting 24% of girls aged 15–19 and 26% of women aged 19–24. As a result, many experiences unwanted pregnancies, some of which end in induced abortions. Furthermore, low-income countries report higher rates of both lifetime and past-year intimate partner violence compared to high-income countries. There is substantial evidence indicating a significant prevalence of GBV within educational institutions in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The Global Based School Survey (GBSS) reveals that physical assault affects between 27% and 50% of students, while sexual assault impacts between 9% and 33% across five African countries. GBV presents a substantial barrier to worldwide development. Within the regions of Eastern and Southern Africa, a significant proportion of women, about 42%, experience physical or sexual assault at some stage during their lifetimes. Somalia is considered one of the worst places for women, mothers, and children GBV due to numerous factors. These include high female illiteracy, widespread Female Genital Mutilation (FGM), early and forced marriages, high maternal and infant mortality rates, inadequate healthcare, high rates of rape and Sexual and Gender-based Violence (SGBV), poverty, malnutrition, displacement, armed conflict, and significant social, economic, and political gender inequality. The Somali Health and Demographic Survey (SHDS) conducted in 2020, showed physical violence experienced by women with reproductive age; about 14% of women have experienced physical violence since the age of 12, and 8% experienced it in the 12 months before the survey. Younger women, mainly those aged 15–19, are more likely to experience physical violence, with 16% reporting violence since age 12 and 10% within the past year. In contrast, 11% of women aged 45–49 reported experiencing physical violence since age 12, and 4% reported it in the past year. At the same time, only 17% of ever-married women aged 15–49 who experienced emotional, physical, or sexual violence sought help, while 83% did not seek any help. Urban women are more likely to seek help, about 23%, compared to rural which is 12% and nomadic dweller women is about 10%. There is no clear pattern in help-seeking behavior based on the woman’s age, education, or wealth status, underscoring the urgent need for further investigation and support for affected women. The study conducted on internal displaced people (IDP) found that 18.5% of women and girls in IDP camps in Somalia had experienced gender-based violence in the past year. The types of violence included physical assaults (44.0%), psychological abuse (24.8%), forced marriage (18.8%), attempted rape (7.2%), rape (4.0%), and denial of resources (1.6%). Additionally, the study revealed that intimate partners or their relatives were responsible for 57.7% of the violence, with 60.6% of these incidents occurring during the daytime. Over half (57.7%) of the victims were over 20 years old, and 43.7% experienced multiple assaults. Most of these incidents (over 70%) took place in the victims’ homes, often (83.1%) when they were alone.