Decoding selective auditory attention to musical elements in ecologically valid music listening.

The transition to adulthood is a critical period for youth that sets the foundation for adult functioning and well-being. Typical healthy development during this transition includes achieving independence in self-care, learning to navigate adult relationships, assuming more adult roles and responsibilities, and developing a positive sense of self. Families play a central role in supporting their child toward this end. While true for all youth, this is particularly true for those with pediatric-onset physical disabilities. The support and guidance of parents can positively impact their child's educational, social, and emotional development as well as medical autonomy. However, this can also be a particularly challenging time for youth with pediatric-onset physical disabilities and, relatedly, their parents. Youth with physical disabilities such as spina bifida (caused by incomplete development of the spine), cerebral palsy (a congenital movement disorder), and pediatric-onset spinal cord injury are a diverse group. In addition to having variable physical disabilities, some also have neurocognitive challenges and coexisting chronic health conditions such as neurogenic bladder, neurogenic bowel, and seizure disorders. Together, these can contribute to delays in achieving expected milestones such as autonomy in self-care, developing social competency, and starting romantic relationships. These delays, compounded by culminating factors such as a youth's daily physical care needs, frequent health care visits, surgeries, hospitalizations, lack of social support, and socioeconomic stressors, all contribute to parental burden. This burden, in turn, is related to parental reports of high levels of stress, depression, and anxiety while lowering quality of life, isolation, and sleep quality, as well as feeling less competent as a parent compared to parents of nondisabled adolescents. A high degree of caregiver burden and fatigue can negatively impact the quality of life of a youth with a physical disability. A resilience-disruption model of family functioning has been suggested to understand and optimize family response to both typical developmental and disability-related stressors during the transition to adulthood. This model recognizes that families of a youth with a pediatric-onset physical disability will experience multifaceted challenges during this transition to adulthood, but that these families may develop adaptive coping mechanisms as a result. For example, many youth with a neurogenic bladder require intermittent catheterization throughout the day. Learning independence in this skill can be challenging. Parents of youth who are not independent in self-catheterization report a significant degree of burden. However, adaptive parenting skills can promote youth independence in this area.