Immediate placement of intrauterine device after second-trimester medical abortion-Secondary outcomes with one-year follow-up.

‘Dietary restraint’ refers to the cognitive effort directed towards attempts to limit dietary intake, regardless of actual intake, and has been implicated in models of eating disorder (ED) development, particularly bulimia nervosa and binge eating disorder [, ]. The context in which dietary restraint occurs plays a crucial role in its impact. When practised as part of healthy self-regulation, dietary restraint may support individuals to manage their food intake effectively. However, when driven by unhealthy self-regulation, it may reflect rigid, all-or-nothing thinking and contribute to disordered eating behaviours []. Evidence for dietary restraint as an ED risk factor has primarily come from longitudinal, community-based studies with adolescents and young adults across the weight spectrum []. The dual pathway model of ED development posits that societal pressure for thinness and internalisation of this body ideal result in body dissatisfaction. This dissatisfaction may lead to dietary restraint and/or negative affect, both of which are predictive of ED onset, particularly binge eating and/or purging behaviours []. Based on this model, we might expect that interventions that result in increases in dietary restraint could lead to increases in these disordered eating outcomes. Weight management interventions for adolescents with obesity often involve dietary modification, particularly self-regulation of energy intake and/or improvement in diet quality, which may require dietary restraint []. It is important to understand how such interventions impact the risk of EDs and disordered eating behaviours. Our 2021 systematic review found that dietary restraint either increased or remained unchanged following paediatric weight management interventions while other disordered eating outcomes improved or remained unchanged []. Studies included in our review measured dietary restraint using several different tools, including the Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (DEBQ) [] and Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) []. The DEBQ was designed to characterise eating patterns associated with obesity, while the EDE-Q was designed to identify anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa [, ]. It is important to understand how different measures of dietary restraint change and their relation to disordered eating outcomes in weight management interventions.