Inferring fine-scale rates of mutation and recombination in the coppery titi monkey (Plecturocebus cupreus).

The number of total knee arthroplasties (TKA) performed has grown significantly in recent decades; reflecting an increased demand driven by an aging population and greater expectations for mobility and quality of life.[–] This increase has also been accompanied by a rise in postoperative complications, including periprosthetic joint infection and subsequent implant failure.[–] In severe and persistent cases of infection, salvage options are utilised, including above-the-knee amputation or knee arthrodesis.[] Although knee arthrodesis may not initially appear to be the ideal solution from either the surgeon’s or the patient’s perspective, it remains an extremely effective procedure, alleviating pain and retaining a relative degree of limb function that amputation cannot provide.[–]. Numerous surgical techniques for knee arthrodesis have been demonstrated, each with its own set of advantages and disadvantages, with no consensus reached currently.[, ] Among these, intramedullary nailing (IMN) is generally considered the preferred technique due to on-axis stability conferred by an intramedullary device, alongside reported success rates.[, ] There are instances where this method is not feasible, necessitating the use of alternative techniques such as external fixation (EF) or plating (CP). While there have been numerous studies comparing EF and IMN, there is limited evidence directly comparing these methods.[–]. This study compares the outcomes of three knee arthrodesis techniques—EF, IMN, and CP—performed after failed TKAs. By utilising direct comparison of techniques, we aim to clarify their effectiveness and contextualise our findings within existing literature, ultimately to improve surgical decisions and patient outcomes.