Wearable Electronics for Precision Diagnosis Through Advanced Manufacturing and Integration.

Nearly 20 million adults in the United States report engaging in problematic gambling behaviors, and an estimated 2.5 million meet the criteria for a diagnosis of gambling disorder []. The consequences of problematic gambling are wide-ranging and serious, including financial distress, relationship breakdown, occupational impairment, and physical and mental health deterioration []. Gambling disorder also carries a significantly increased risk of suicide []. Despite this substantial burden, treatment seeking remains critically low, with only 20% of affected people having ever sought professional help []. Recent policy shifts in the United States, including the legalization of sports betting in 2018, have transformed the gambling landscape and vastly expanded the availability of online wagering []. Total sports wagers grew from US $4.9 billion in 2017 to US $121.1 billion in 2023, when 94% of wagers were placed online []. As a result of these shifts, internet searches related to help seeking for gambling behavior have increased by 23% since the 2018 ruling [], suggesting growing public awareness and treatment need. Despite the growing scale of the problem, significant gaps remain in access to effective, evidence-based treatment for gambling disorder. Psychological intervention, particularly cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), is currently considered the most effective treatment for gambling disorder, but the broader evidence base remains limited []. Most existing studies are small, highly controlled trials, resulting in limited real-world evidence exploring the effectiveness of various treatment modalities in different populations []. There is also limited evidence evaluating newer models of care, including virtually delivered treatment, despite growing demand for remote behavioral health services []. Additionally, there is no clear consensus within the field on how to measure treatment success, compounding the difficulty in identifying which patients are likely to benefit from treatment [].