Advances in biomarker discovery for canine cognitive dysfunction: a comprehensive structured narrative review and future perspectives.

Adolescent pregnancy has garnered significant public interest because of its associated risks to the health, social, and economic outcomes of young women(Ganchimeg et al., ; Hodgkinson et al., ). The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that 16 million adolescents give birth annually, frequently in contexts where pregnancy may not have been planned or desired (World Health Organization, ). In Brazil, women between 15 and 19 years old account for a substantial proportion of the overall fertility rate (17.4%). Among this population, 37.1% continue to reside with their families of origin, while 44.7% live with a partner or serve as the head of the household in the family (Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística, ). Investigating the male partner has been identified as a crucial approach to understanding adolescent pregnancy, especially when the partner is also an adolescent (Hill et al., ; Lemay et al., ; Lohan et al., ; Paranjothy et al., ; World Health Organization, ). Adolescent fatherhood can entail severe socioeconomic consequences for young men, such as reduced educational attainment, increased rates of early marriage, and premature entry into the workforce (Assini-Meytin and Green ; Fletcher and Wolfe ; Lee et al. ). In a systematic review regarding the antecedents and consequences of adolescent fatherhood, the authors indicated that teen fathers predominantly originate from minority and low-income households, exhibit lower academic achievement, participate in higher rates of delinquent activities (such as vandalism), and frequently associate with peer groups involved in antisocial behavior. (Bamishigbin et al., ). However, the experience of fatherhood varies across distinct contexts. For example, the adolescent might be in a stable relationship with his partner and actively assume responsibility within the family; conversely, the pregnancy may result from a casual encounter or occur under conditions of heightened vulnerability, such as involvement in crime (Shade et al., ). The experience of becoming a father may contribute to a young man’s sense of identity, especially given that it occurs during a period of intense transformation into adulthood. The WHO defines adolescence as the period between 10 and 19 years of age—a developmental stage characterized by vulnerabilities that demand explicit and specific actions within healthcare programs and policies (Dick & Ferguson, ; Sawyer et al., ) However, in Brazil, male adolescents are rarely integrated into the healthcare system, even within primary care services. This lack of institutional engagement further exacerbates their vulnerability due to restricted access to healthcare, educational initiatives, and psychosocial support. Beyond these systemic challenges, when a young man accompanies his pregnant adolescent partner to healthcare services, it presents a pivotal opportunity for practitioners to offer targeted support and guidance (UNFPA, ; World Health Organization, ).