APOE and genetic risk variants influence Alzheimer's disease onset in carriers of an extra copy of APP, with and without Down syndrome.
Authors: Groeneveld J, Perlaza D, Olivé C, Grangeon L, Tesi N, Nicolas A, Jiang C, de Rojas I, Wallon D, Rousseau S, Rovira M, de Asúa DR, Moldenhauer F, Mu R, Cassinari K, Zarea A, Escabias JA, Lambert JC, Pijnenburg YAL, Hulsman M, Vijverberg EGB, Levin J, Jucker M, McDade E, Fortea J, Holstege H, Duits FH, Vermunt L, Patel M, Johnson M, Renton AE, Goate AM, Cruchaga C, Pottier C, Fernandez MV, Belbin O, Nicolas G, Dols-Icardo O, van der Lee SJ, Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network
Journal: Alzheimer's & dementia : the journal of the Alzheimer's Association
mental health
psychology
open access
Abstract
According to the latest report by the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), approximately 40.8 million people worldwide were living with HIV as of 2024, with around 1.3 million new infections reported that year. Men who have sex with men (MSM) are at high risk of HIV infection due to behavioral patterns such as multiple sexual partners, unprotected sex, occasional encounters, and drug use. In China, the epidemiological characteristics of HIV have changed substantially. The proportion of HIV transmission attributed to homosexual sexual behavior increased from 9.1% in 2009 to 23.3% in 2020, making MSM a key population in current HIV prevention and control efforts. Influenced by traditional cultural concepts and social structures, many MSM face identity concealment, social stigma, and family pressure. Some also maintain heterosexual marital relationships, which may increase the complexity and concealment of HIV transmission. Influenced by traditional cultural norms and social structures, many MSM in China may experience identity concealment, social stigma, and family pressure. Some MSM also report heterosexual marriage or heterosexual sexual partnerships, which may increase the complexity and concealment of HIV prevention needs. HIV-related risks among MSM are shaped by multiple factors, including diverse sexual networks, partner communication, access to prevention services, HIV testing, condom use, and stigma-related barriers. Recent epidemiological evidence further underscores the continuing importance of HIV prevention among MSM in China. For example, homosexual transmission accounted for 25.7% of newly reported HIV infections in China in 2023; a recent large-scale web-based survey found that only 45.2% of HIV-negative or status-unknown MSM were fully aware of their sexual partners’ HIV status. In addition, recent multi-city evidence among HIV-negative high-risk MSM in China has highlighted persistent gaps in PrEP awareness, willingness, and engagement. These findings suggest that HIV-negative MSM remain an important population for early HIV prevention and therefore require confidential, accessible, and digitally supported interventions.