Using the UTAUT model to understand HIV-negative MSM's intention to use a proposed HIV prevention mHealth management system: A cross-sectional study.

Dissociative identity disorder (DID) is characterized by the presence of two or more distinct personality states or identities, resulting in significant discontinuity in self‐perception, agency, and executive behavioral control. These changes are associated with concurrent variations in mood, behavior, consciousness, memory, perception, cognition, and sensorimotor functioning, observed by clinicians or reported by the individual. Individuals with DID also experience recurrent gaps in recalling everyday events, important personal information, or traumatic experiences that exceed ordinary forgetfulness []. The International Classification of Diseases, 11 Revision (ICD‐11), similarly conceptualizes DID as part of the dissociative disorders spectrum, defining it by the presence of two or more distinct personality states with marked discontinuities in self and agency. In ICD‐11, these changes manifest as intrusive experiences or abrupt disruptions in identity, accompanied by recurrent episodes of dissociative amnesia []. The global prevalence of DID is estimated to approximately 1.5% in the general population [, ]. In clinical settings, this prevalence is higher; recent multicenter studies in psychiatric inpatient and outpatient units report dissociative identity presentations at rates ranging from 3% to nearly 10%, depending on diagnostic instruments []. Among adolescents, clinical data indicate an even higher vulnerability, with one study documenting a DID prevalence of 16.4% in a psychiatric outpatient clinic []. The etiology of DID is primarily explained by two frameworks: the posttraumatic model and the sociocognitive model. The posttraumatic model, most widely accepted, posits that DID develops as a severe developmental defense in response to chronic early childhood abuse, neglect, or relational trauma [, ]. In this view, identity fragmentation protects the individual by isolating overwhelming traumatic memories from the primary self. In contrast, the sociocognitive model suggests that DID may arise from sociocultural influences, media exposure, and iatrogenic suggestibility in clinical contexts [].