Improving Community-Driven Health Benchmarks Through University-Community Partnerships: Using Community Engagement to Establish the Center for African American Health in Kansas.

Systematic reviews and meta-analyses indicate small to moderate effects of behavioral interventions on attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) core symptoms when rated by informants close to the therapeutic setting (e.g., parents in the case of parent training) [–]. Smaller or non-significant effects are found when considering more distal ratings (e.g., teachers in the case of parent training) [, , ]. Additionally, there is evidence demonstrating effects of behavioral interventions on proximal ratings of conduct problems, positive and negative parenting practices, parenting self-concept, social skills, and academic performance, and on distal ratings of conduct problems and positive and negative parenting [, ]. Given frequent barriers to access to face-to-face treatment, including limited local treatment options [, ], long waiting periods, or personal barriers like fear of stigmatization, self-help interventions provide a low-threshold, easily accessible treatment alternative []. There is meta-analytic evidence to support effects of both online and manual-based parent-directed self-help interventions on parent-rated child externalizing behavior, parenting behavior, parental mood and stress, and parenting efficacy [–]. Treatment effects seem to be larger for self-help interventions with additional therapist input (e.g., via telephone) [, ]. Moreover, meta-analyses point to the efficacy of various medications in treating ADHD core symptoms []. In general, stimulant medications have been found to be more effective than non-stimulant medications, with moderate to large effects on blinded ratings of ADHD core symptoms [, ]. While some authors conclude that combined pharmacological and behavioral treatment is superior to both behavior therapy or medication alone [], others report that behavioral interventions, pharmacological interventions, and their combination are similarly effective [].