One Health: An epistemological genealogy.

Damiano and colleagues provide one of the most comprehensive developmental models of suicide attempts to date, integrating genetic, perinatal, clinical, family, and childhood adversity factors over 15 years in a large Brazilian cohort. They reported that female sex remains one of the strongest predictors of suicide attempts, even after adjustment for genetic liability, perinatal factors, childhood adversity, cognitive function, psychiatric disorders, and family history of psychopathology and suicidal behaviour. This finding is consistent with epidemiological evidence indicating that suicide attempts are more frequent among girls and women than boys and men. GBD 2023 further demonstrated that this pattern extends beyond suicidal behaviour: anxiety disorders and major depressive disorder remain consistently more prevalent among women and are the leading contributors to the global burden of mental disorders. Regional evidence from Latin America mirrors the global pattern. A systematic review and meta-analysis found that women experienced a higher prevalence of depressive disorders than men, while depression rates increased in countries with greater gender and income inequalities. Adolescent girls in Brazil experience a two-fold higher burden of mental distress than boys across multiple indicators (). According to the 2025 Brazilian Public Security Yearbook, 88% of rape victims in 2024 were female and 77% younger than 14 years. In the same year, Brazil recorded 1492 femicides, the highest number since the crime was legally defined in 2015. These figures are especially pronounced among Black women, who account for 63.6% of all femicide victims, underscoring the intersection of gender, race, and socioeconomic inequality.