From caffeine use motives to sleep disturbance: network and structural equation modeling of caffeine use disorder and depression among caffeine consumers.

Stroke is a leading cause of acquired visual field loss (VFL) in adults. Each year, approximately 12,000 people suffer a stroke in Norway [], and more than 60% experience post-stroke visual impairments, including VFL []. The Norwegian NOR-OCCIP study found VFL in 80% of patients two weeks post-stroke and in 55% after six months []. VFL significantly affects quality of life and daily functioning, including reading, driving, work, communication, and mobility [, , , , , , , ]. Revoked driving privileges due to VFL are a major concern for stroke survivors and are often associated with reduced independence, depression, and lower quality of life [,, , ]. European and Norwegian stroke care guidelines recommend compensatory strategies for VFL [,], which may improve reading speed, daily activities, and overall rehabilitation outcomes [, , ]. Evidence suggests that systematic eye movement and search training can enhance saccadic efficiency and exploration, improving functional vision and subjective daily living [,, , , ]. However, few patients can adopt these strategies independently [], and vision rehabilitation is not routinely offered in Norway after stroke [,] due to low sensitivity of clinical tests, lack of standardized protocols, and limited knowledge about its effectiveness. Standard visual field tests are static and do not assess functional vision or a patient's ability to compensate for VFL, creating uncertainty about fitness to drive [, , ]. Functional visual fields reflect how visual information is processed and utilized under dynamic, attention-demanding conditions. Such measurements can capture dimensions including the integration of peripheral vision, motion detection, and divided attention required for safe navigation in complex traffic environments [,]. Although functional visual field measures are expected to be more representative of real-world driving than static perimetry, no methods have yet been specifically developed for this purpose. However, eye movement perimetry provides several promising alternative objective metrics such as gaze behavior and saccadic reaction times, which may serve as proxies for functional visual field assessment [,].