Investigation of brain connectivity alteration in the non-severe traumatic brain injury: an emotional condition study.
Authors: Omar H, Abd Hamid AI, Abdul Rahman M, Noh NA, Yaacob HS, Chai WJ, Idris Z, Ahmad AH, Fitzrol DN, Ab Ghani ARI, Hamzah N, Mohamad WNAW, Mohamed Mustafar MF, Hanafi MH, Reza MF, Umar H, Zulkifly MFM, Ang SY, Zakaria Z, Musa KI, Othman A, Embong Z, Sapiai NA, Kandasamy R, Ibrahim H, Abdullah MZ, Valdes-Sosa PA, Bringas Vega ML, Biswal B, Sumari P, Jamir Singh PS, Abdullah JM
Journal: PeerJ
mental health
psychology
open access
Abstract
Sleep can be characterized in terms of two fundamental components: quality and quantity []. While both the quality and quantity of sleep are important, health indicators are reported to be more strongly associated with quality [,]. Indeed, the relationship between sleep quality and disease risk has recently attracted substantial research interest. Among findings, poor sleep quality has been associated with an approximately 1.4-fold increased risk of coronary heart disease [] and type 2 diabetes []. Additionally, the proportion of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep has been found to be inversely correlated with the risk of developing heart failure, while the proportion of deep sleep (non-REM sleep 3 [N3]) has been inversely correlated with the risk of developing atrial fibrillation []. ETAS, a standardized extract of stem, has been shown to increase the concentration of HSP70 (Heat Shock Protein 70 kDa) mRNA in the blood when taken orally []. HSP70 also involves GABA(A) receptors in the brain, leading to an increased proportion of N3 []. We previously conducted a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind crossover study as a preliminary study in healthy, mainly middle-aged men. The study involved two 14-day intake periods with a 14-day washout period between them. Electroencephalograms (EEG) were recorded during night sleep and used to calculate discrete sleep stages, including REM sleep, light sleep (non-REM sleep 1 [N1] and non-REM sleep 2 [N2]), and N3. The results indicated a tendency for ETAS intake to enhance both the total time and proportion of N3 [].