Neighborhood environmental vulnerability factors strongly drove COVID-19 fatality and excess all-cause mortality in New York City, while long-term air pollutant associations were weak and varied.

Fall armyworm (FAW), (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a severe pest that damages a range of crops, including maize, rice, sorghum and vegetables. It attacks all stages of maize, from seedlings to mature plants, causing significant reductions in both yield quantity and quality. Originally from tropical and sub‐tropical America, FAW was first reported in sub‐Saharan Africa in late 2016, with Ghana, Nigeria, Togo and Benin among the earliest affected countries. By 2020, FAW had spread across all African countries except Djibouti, presenting a serious threat to maize production and food security across the continent. Understanding farmers' perceptions and decision‐making processes is crucial in managing pest infestations effectively. Factors such as attitudes, perceived behavioural controls and norms significantly influence how farmers respond to pests and choose management strategies. In Ghana, maize farmers use a variety of control methods for FAW which are categorised into three main groups: synthetic, biological/botanical and traditional/cultural control measures. Synthetic control measures comprise the use of commercially formulated chemical pesticides. Biological/botanical measures encompass the use of natural enemies of FAW (particularly parasitoids) and plant‐based extracts, with neem‐based preparations being the most commonly mentioned by farmers. Traditional/cultural measures consist of agronomic practices aimed at controlling FAW presence and damage, such as crop rotation, intercropping maize with legumes, fallow periods, push‐pull technology, timely weeding, hand‐picking of larvae, slashing and burning of infested plants, among others. The adoption of these methods is closely linked to farmers' perceptions and the underlying factors driving their choices., Existing research highlights a range of FAW control measures. Advanced pest control techniques, such as genetically modified organisms and biological controls, are less accessible to African farmers, who primarily rely on conventional methods., In Brazil, farmers use biological and botanical methods, including genetically modified organisms and natural predators. In contrast, African farmers often rely on chemicals, botanical pesticides and cultural practices due to the limited availability of advanced methods., , Studies show varying perceptions of these methods' effectiveness, with some farmers finding synthetic pesticides inadequate, while others view them as essential.