Context-dependent compatibility of the entomopathogenic fungus Cordyceps javanica JS001 with the predatory bug Cyrtorhinus lividipennis suggests potential for enhancing suppression of the rice plantho

Histogenesis of the cerebellar cortex is largely conserved among mammalian species with a fully developed cerebellar cortex having three distinct layers (): the outer-most molecular layer which contains dendrites of Purkinje cells (PCs), parallel fibers of granule cells, and inhibitory interneurons like basket and stellate cells; the PC layer in the middle which is composed of single layer of large PCs, and the inner-most internal granule layer (IGL), which is densely packed with granule cells, a class of interneurons called Golgi cells, and unipolar brush cells which are excitatory neurons arising from the rhombic lip. Beneath the IGL is the white matter, which besides containing cerebellar nuclei serving as the primary output centers of the cerebellum, relaying processed information to other brain regions contains afferent and efferent cerebellar fibers. During development, the outermost cerebellar layer is composed of granule cell precursors that make up the external granule layer (EGL), a fourth layer. Granule cell precursors are derived from the rhombic lip and function as a secondary zone of proliferation. Upon differentiation into granule cells they migrate downward into the IGL (–). This migration is aided by a class of specialized glial cells called Bergmann glia (BG) which are essential for cerebellar development and function. BG serve as structural and signaling hubs that coordinate multiple processes underlying cerebellar morphogenesis. During development, BG provide a critical scaffold that guides the migration of granule cells from the EGL to their final positions in the IGL, ensuring precise laminar organization of the cerebellar cortex (–). They also play a central role in cerebellar foliation, particularly at anchoring centers which are key organizing sites that initiate and shape individual folia by integrating proliferative cues, mechanical forces, and cellular interactions (, ). BG contribute to this process by linking germinal zones to the cerebellar surface, maintaining structural integrity, and regulating local granule cell proliferation and migration. Developmentally, BG arise from the same progenitor lineage as basal radial glia and similarly lose their apical contact during differentiation, adopting a specialized radial morphology. Notably, emerging evidence suggests that much like basal radial glia in the cerebral cortex, BG share molecular and functional similarities that may reflect an evolutionary specialization of glial subtypes in the human brain (, ). This parallel underscores the broader significance of studying BG not only as key players in cerebellar morphogenesis but also as models for understanding glial diversity and evolution. In their early radial glial form in mice, BG also serve as a scaffold for migrating PCs (). Beyond development, BG regulate the membrane potential and firing of PCs (), highlighting their role in modulating cerebellar circuit dynamics, and also influence pain-related behaviors by controlling cerebellar output ().