Population genetic structure and dispersal patterns of the globally invasive codling moth (Cydia pomonella) in China.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is an age- and obesity-related metabolic disease []. It is characterized by the co-existence of multiple chronic diseases, especially those related to obesity and insulin resistance such as hypertension and dyslipidemia []. Without adequate control of blood glucose and diabetes’ related comorbidities of hypertension and dyslipidemia, patients with T2DM may develop chronic vascular complications of either microvascular [] or macrovascular origins [,]. In recent years, population-based studies in Taiwan have also highlighted the association between diabetes mellitus (DM) and various types of cancer [, , , , , , , , ]. In comparison to the general population, patients with DM also suffer from a significantly higher risk of death from various causes including infection, cancer, cardiovascular diseases, kidney disease and even suicide than their age-comparable populations []. Dementia is a clinical diagnosis referring to a syndrome characterized by deterioration in memory and thinking, behavioral and personality disorders and gradual loss of daily self-care ability [,]. Dementia mainly affects older people but may also occur in the younger generation and it can either be resulted from vascular etiology (vascular dementia) or from a neurodegenerative disease called Alzheimer's disease (AD). There are several hypotheses for the pathogenesis of AD but deposition of amyloid (A) and tau protein hyperphosphorylation are the two most commonly cited [,]. Amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (intracellular aggregates of hyperphosphorylated tau protein) are also the pathological hallmarks of AD []. Other hypotheses of AD include cholinergic hypothesis, glutamatergic hypothesis, inflammatory hypothesis, microbiota-gut-brain axis hypothesis, oxidative stress hypothesis, metal ion hypothesis and abnormal autophagy hypothesis etc. []. It should be pointed out that these hypotheses are not mutually exclusive and that dementia or AD may be clinical manifestations resulted from different pathogenetic mechanisms. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated a total number of 57 million people suffering from dementia worldwide in 2021, with over 60% living in low- and middle-income countries [,]. The WHO also points out that DM is one of the major risk factors of dementia []. The other risk factors include age, hypertension, overweight or obesity, smoking, excessive consumption of alcohol, physical inactivity, social isolation and depression [].