Association between electronic cigarette use and prediabetes, diabetes, and insulin resistance: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Cancer is one of the leading causes of death in every country in the world and one of the biggest obstacles to increasing life expectancy. According to 2020 data, 2.3 million new cases and 685,000 deaths were reported worldwide due to cancer []. Breast cancer patients account for 36% of all patients receiving oncology treatment. The incidence of breast cancer is increasing worldwide, but it is most common in industrialized countries []. The incidence and mortality rates of breast cancer have increased over the past thirty years []. In Türkiye, the incidence of breast cancer is also rapidly increasing, reaching 43.4 per 100,000 women []. Early detection and screening programs are critical in reducing mortality in the fight against breast cancer. Methods such as mammography, clinical breast examination, and breast self-examination are among the screening strategies recommended in national and international guidelines [].For many years, self-examination of the breasts or clinical breast examination by a doctor or nurse has been recommended as screening methods to detect breast cancer in its early stages, starting at age 20 and done monthly [].Mammographic screening is considered the gold standard screening method and reduces mortality by 23% []. Most guidelines recommend annual or biennial mammography screening for average-risk populations aged 40 to 74. For high-risk populations, early annual mammography or annual MRI screening is recommended []. Individual and societal factors influencing women’s participation in screening include their roles within the family, their knowledge and awareness of breast cancer and screening, fear of cancer, anxiety about mammography, need for spousal/family support, and concerns about privacy []. Positive health beliefs, having private health insurance, having undergone cervical cancer screening, and having motivation, are significantly associated with higher participation rates in breast cancer screening []. In addition, a family history of breast cancer, the presence of chronic diseases, and the proportion of healthcare expenditures in the budget also shape screening decisions []. According to a study conducted in Malaysia, health beliefs such as health motivation for breast cancer screening, perceived benefit of mammography, perceived barriers to mammography, readiness for mammography, and action cues for mammography were found to be diminished by undergoing mammography [].