Seeing Oneself in the Feed: Racialized Targeting in Food Marketing and Its Impact on Adolescents' Visual Interest and Unhealthy Food Preferences.

Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in the U.S. and globally, accounting for more deaths than breast, colon, and prostate cancers combined []. While smoking tobacco is the most significant and well-established risk factor, accounting for approximately 80–90% of lung cancer cases, [] increasing attention is being paid to non-smoking-related and environmental risk factors (e.g., air pollution, occupational carcinogens) as well as possible protective factors such as greenness, which may also contribute to lung cancer risk especially in older adults [–]. Environmental exposures, such as air pollution, radon, secondhand smoke, and occupational carcinogens (e.g., asbestos, arsenic, diesel exhaust, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), are well-documented contributors to lung cancer risk and incidence [–]. Fine particulate matter, in particular, has been linked to increased lung cancer risk through mechanisms involving chronic inflammation, DNA damage, and oxidative stress [–]. Long-term exposure to fine particulate matter has been associated with elevated lung cancer mortality in both smokers and non-smokers, especially in densely populated urban areas where environmental pollution tends to concentrate [, , –]. Radon exposure, a naturally occurring radioactive gas found in soil, rock, water, and buildings, is the second leading cause of lung cancer in the U.S. and the leading cause among non-smokers [, ]. In this context, the role of protective environmental factors, such as exposure to green space, has attracted growing interest and the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), a satellite-derived measure that compares near-infrared and red-light reflectance to assess vegetation density, is commonly used to assess greenness levels []. This objective, scalable metric enables assessment of environmental exposures to greenness across large populations and geographical areas. Numerous studies have linked higher NDVI and neighborhood greenness to reduced all-cause mortality, lower rates of cardiovascular disease, and improved mental health outcomes, including reductions in depression, anxiety, and stress [–]. These benefits may be mediated by improved air quality, lower exposure to urban heat, greater opportunities for physical activity and social interaction, and psychological restoration []. However, data related to the association between greenness exposure and lung cancer risk remain limited.