Simultaneous versus Sequential Cessation of Tobacco and Cannabis: Preferences of Young Adults Who Co-Use in France.

Understanding how psychological, social, cultural, and economic factors affect customer decision-making has historically been a focus of marketing. However, visual health is a crucial aspect that has received very little attention. Ophthalmic disorders impact billions of people of all ages and are one of the major causes of impairment globally. Since vision is the primary sensory modality involved in information acquisition during purchasing decisions, impairments of visual function have profound implications for consumer behavior, brand communication, digital marketing, and public policy. More scientific research and interdisciplinary cooperation are needed to address this new nexus between marketing and ophthalmology. Visual stimuli are becoming increasingly important in today’s economy. Visual perception plays a major role in digital ads, product packaging, smartphone applications, websites, augmented reality, and social media platforms. The significance of visual cues in drawing attention, facilitating information processing, and influencing purchasing behavior is emphasized by marketing theories such as the Information Processing Model (Bettman JR. An Information Processing Theory of Consumer Choice. 1979, Boston, Addison-Wesley), Dual Coding Theory (Paivio A. Mental Representations: A Dual Coding Approach. 1990, Oxford University Press. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195066661.001.0001), and the Elaboration Likelihood Model (Petty RE, Cacioppo JT. Communication and Persuasion: Central and Peripheral Routes to Attitude Change. 1986, New York, Springer-Verlag. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4612-4964-1). Yet these theoretical frameworks often assume normal visual performance, overlooking the considerable minority of consumers living with ophthalmic conditions. The World Health Organization (World Health Organization. World Report on Vision. 2019) estimates that at least 2.2 billion individuals worldwide have blindness or vision impairment, and at least 1 billion of these cases could have been prevented or remain untreated. The prevalence of age-related eye illnesses—including cataracts, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, and age-related macular degeneration (AMD)—continues to rise due to population aging and increasing rates of chronic diseases such as diabetes (Flaxman SR, Bourne RRA, Resnikoff S, et al.; Vision Loss Expert Group of the Global Burden of Disease Study. Global causes of blindness and distance vision impairment 1990-2020: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2017 Dec;5(12):e1221-e1234. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(17)30393-5. Epub 2017 Oct 11. PMID: 29032195; Burton MJ, Ramke J, Marques AP, et al. The Lancet Global Health Commission on Global Eye Health: vision beyond 2020. Lancet Glob Health. 2021 Apr;9(4):e489-e551. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X(20)30488-5. Epub 2021 Feb 16. PMID: 33607016; PMCID: PMC7966694). As a result, an increasing number of consumers find it challenging to read labels, identify brands, compare prices, decipher internet interfaces, and assess visual advertising.