Systemic Inflammatory and Microcirculatory Determinants of Long-Term Outcomes in Neovascular Glaucoma: A Multicenter Cohort Study.

Allergies are inflammatory conditions resulting from abnormal immune responses to specific proteins and glycoproteins known as allergens. These responses can trigger a range of symptoms, from mild hypersensitivity reactions to life-threatening responses [,]. Allergic diseases are common and affect millions of people, with their prevalence steadily rising [,]. In India, the prevalence of allergies is increasing across all ages and socioeconomic backgrounds, posing a major public health concern [,]. Currently, approximately 20-30% of the Indian population is affected by allergies caused by either aeroallergens or food allergens [,], with aeroallergens being the most predominant, leading to allergic rhinitis (AR) and asthma [-]. The burden of asthma in India exceeds that of HIV infection and tuberculosis []. The Global Asthma Network study from India shows comparable prevalence of current wheeze (adults: 3.30% vs. children: 3.34%) and doctor-diagnosed asthma (adults: 1.45% vs. children: 1.49%) between adults and children []. The incidence of AR in India is approximately 20% [,], which is higher than that reported in Western countries (children: 24.4% vs. 10.5%-13.3%; adults: 9.8% vs. 7.3%-7.7%) [,,-]. According to the Phase I study of the Global Asthma Network, conducted in India, nearly 2.5% of Indian children aged six to seven years and 3.48% of children aged 13-14 years have eczema []. A cross-sectional study in eastern India estimated the prevalence of contact dermatitis to be 4.38%. Based on occupational status, the prevalence was higher in urban than rural regions (24% vs. 12%, p<0.0001) []. A study conducted in allergy clinics across Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, and Delhi reported that and cockroaches are the predominant allergens responsible for sensitization among children aged one to 14 years with asthma, AR, and atopic dermatitis (AD) []. Studies from southern and eastern India have shown high sensitization rates toand the pollens of and [,]. The high incidences of asthma, atopic allergies, and aeroallergen sensitization in these regions [,,] are likely attributable to tropical and subtropical climates, high humidity, and seasonal variations []. Although food sensitization is common, the prevalence of food allergies in India is lower than that reported in Western countries (children: 0.14% vs. 5.8%-18.4%; adults: 1.2% vs. 6.2%-11.2%). However, several studies have reported high sensitization rates in Indian children to shrimp, sesame, buckwheat, wheat, melon, chickpeas, cumin, cabbage, eggplants, walnuts, and betel leaf [-], contributing to the increasing severity and prevalence of food allergies [,,,]. Drug allergies are a significant yet underreported concern in India, with an estimated prevalence of 5.6% [,]. Drug-induced allergic reactions can range from mild rashes to severe, life-threatening anaphylactic events. Antimicrobials, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and neuromuscular blockers are the most common triggers of anaphylaxis, particularly in perioperative settings [], often complicating surgery or limiting therapeutic options, and potentially leading to prolonged hospitalization or fatal outcomes. Furthermore, approximately 30% of the Indian subcontinent is affected by insect allergies []. Patients with insect sting allergies can mainly develop urticarial symptoms, while insect bite allergies are primarily manifested as bronchial asthma. A study from eastern India reported higher sensitization rates for Hymenoptera insects (common black ant, fire ant, and honeybee) than the non-Hymenoptera group (mosquito, American cockroach, house fly) [].