Cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric evaluation of the Chinese version of the knowledge of depression multiple choice question test (KDMCQT-C).

Parkinson’s Disease (PD) is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative disorder, characterised by motor symptoms such as resting tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia, as well as a wide range of non-motor symptoms, including constipation. A key pathological hallmark is the aggregation of misfolded neuronal alpha-synuclein (α-syn) in Lewy bodies and neurites. As current treatments, such as levodopa and dopamine agonists, only provide symptomatic management, there is an urgent need for interventions that can delay, halt, or reverse disease progression An expanding body of research implicates that the gut microbiota plays an important role in the pathophysiology of PD. Although the mechanism underlying the “gut-brain axis” remain incompletely understood, the aggregation of α-syn within the intestinal tract and its associated alterations in gut microbiota composition suggest that interventions on the gut microbiome may hold therapeutic potential. Evidence from animal studies further demonstrates that gut microbiota derived from PD patients can induce neuroinflammation, α-syn accumulation, neurodegeneration, and the development of neurological deficit. In addition, the gut microbiota composition may also affect the metabolism of levodopa with different mechanisms, such as the production of tyrosine decarboxylase or dopamine dehydroxylase by commensal intestinal bacterial species. Faecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) is an ultimate treatment for replacing the host microbiota with that of a healthy donor. FMT is proven effective for recurrent infection and is included in international clinical guidelines. It has also been studied in various neurological diseases, with the first PD case report published in 2019. However, the effects of FMT for motor and non-motor symptoms of PD remain controversial and most evidence derives from open-label studies.