Safety and efficacy of faecal microbiota transplantation in Parkinson's disease.

Suicide is a critical public health problem that manifests when an individual ends their own life, profoundly affecting not only the individual but also the entire society and especially families [, ]. Each year, over 700,000 people die by suicide. Every 40 s, someone in the world takes their own life, and approximately one in every 11 individuals contemplates suicide at some point in their lifetime []. Suicide is the second most prevalent cause of death within the 15–29 age group, posing a serious threat to young adults. The heightened vulnerability of this age group is compounded by a unique convergence of developmental, social, and digital pressures. In recent years, researchers have highlighted the profound impact of the digital landscape, where factors such as cyberbullying, prolonged social media use, and exposure to online content related to self-harm can significantly increase suicide risk []. Furthermore, the unprecedented mental health challenges brought on by the COVID-19 pandemic—including social isolation, disruptions to education, and economic uncertainty—have disproportionately affected young people, leading to a documented rise in mental distress and suicidal ideation globally [, ]. Remarkably, suicide rates are at their peak in middle- and low-income countries, although higher-income nations also experience alarming rates of suicide []. Although women are more inclined to attempt suicide, the rate of suicide-related deaths in men is approximately two times higher across all countries []. In international comparisons, suicide rates exhibit significant variation across countries. This disparity can be attributed to a multitude of factors, including economic, religious, and social influences, as well as the reliability of statistical data records. Suicide rates appear to be lower, especially in the Middle East []. Suicide-related fatalities are preventable occurrences. International organizations such as the World Health Organization (WHO) and initiatives like the Global Sustainable Development Goals have established the goal of reducing suicide deaths by one third by the year 2030. Suicide prevention involves the implementation of various measures at population, sub-population, and individual levels. The World Health Organization (WHO) advocates the “LIVE LIFE” approach, which emphasizes interventions aimed at limiting access to suicide means (such as pesticides, firearms, and specific medications), responsible reporting of suicide in the media, development of socio-emotional life skills in adolescents, and early identification, assessment, and management of individuals affected by suicidal behaviors. WHO underscores the significance of conducting a comprehensive “situation analysis” as a fundamental step in effectively implementing these interventions []. Several factors, including genetic, social, cultural, environmental, and psychological elements, may influence the pathway to suicide. Distinguishing their interconnections and their individual impacts on suicide is highly challenging, resulting in a diverse and intricate array of risk factors. Despite this complexity, economic recessions, wartime periods, and media coverage of celebrity suicides generally have notable effects on suicide rates [, ]. It is widely recognized in the historical context of pandemics and epidemics that increased suicide rates are associated with the loss of relatives, overwhelming despair, and economic collapse caused by these health crises []. With the COVID-19 pandemic, human beings have been affected psychologically, and it has been observed that depression and anxiety are higher than before the pandemic []. Furthermore, research has shown that infectious diseases (e.g. COVID-19) negatively affect mental health []. According to a comprehensive study that compiled analyses of suicide rates during the pandemic period, it was found that suicide rates exhibited variation across different countries. Some countries experienced an increase in suicides, while others witnessed a decrease, and in certain countries, the rates remained unchanged [, , ]. In another meta-analysis, it was demonstrated that there was a significant increase in suicidal ideation. However, the incidence of suicide-related deaths tended to decrease, although not significantly, during the period under study []. Against this analytical background, it is pertinent to consider how major external stressors influence suicide trends. Previous research suggests that significant socio-economic disruptions, such as economic crises, can lead to an increase in suicide rates, particularly affecting vulnerable populations like young adults who face heightened unemployment or future uncertainty [, ]. The global COVID-19 pandemic also introduced unprecedented challenges, with studies indicating varying impacts on mental health and suicidal behavior across different demographic groups. For instance, some evidence points to increased distress among young females,