Curcumin supplementation during high-altitude exposure modulates body composition and its relationship with gut microbiota: a randomized controlled trial.

Newborn anthropometry reliably measures fetal development quality and indicates health, nutritional status, performance, future well-being, and survival [–]. As a measurement science, anthropometry is an essential research tool for evaluating infant growth and studying factors that determine inadequate or excessive fetal growth [, ]. Measurements such as height, weight, Head Circumference (HC), Body Mass Index (BMI), body circumferences, and skinfold thickness are part of anthropometry []. Birth weight is used to evaluate intrauterine fetal development and monitor newborn health. Both low and high birth weights contribute significantly to the global disease burden. Low birth weight (under 2500 g) is a strong predictor of infant mortality [, ], with affected infants at higher risk of poor growth, cognitive deficiencies, and early death []. Conversely, infants with high birth weight (more than 4000 g) may face severe complications during childbirth, including macrosomia, which increases risks of shoulder dystocia, birth injuries, and maternal complications []. BMI, calculated as weight (kg) divided by height squared (m²), is a widely used indicator for assessing nutritional status and growth patterns in newborns and infants []. It helps identify underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obese infants. Monitoring BMI from early infancy is crucial as it can predict future health outcomes, including obesity and metabolic disorders in later life [].